Thiamine, cysteine and xylose added to the Maillard reaction of goat protein hydrolysate potentiates the formation of meat flavoring compounds.

A protein hydrolysate of goat viscera added with xylose, cysteine, and thiamine under different pH was used to prepare a meat flavoring. Goat viscera hydrolysate and flavoring were subjected to analysis of physicochemical characteristics, amino acid profile, sugars, fatty acids, and volatile profile. Meat aroma characteristics were initiated in the hydrolysate, in which Strecker's pyrazines and aldehydes were identified, which also had fatty acids and amino acids available for the formation of 96 volatile compounds in the flavorings via lipid manipulation, Maillard occurrence, Strecker manipulation and interactions among these means. Maillard reaction products with intense meat aroma, such as 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-furfurylthiol and, bis(2-methyl-3-furyl) disulfide were isolated only in the flavoring at pH 4. In contrast, the flavoring at pH 6 showed a higher concentration than all the other compounds, providing a lower meat characteristic, but an intense sweet, fatty and goat aroma.

Unveiling the bioactivity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds from organic coffee husks using an in vitro digestion model.

BACKGROUND: The large quantities of by-products generated in the coffee industry are a problem. Studies related to the biological potential of organic coffee husks are still limited. The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of phenolic compounds in organic coffee husks and to evaluate their potential as a source of bioactive dietary components. RESULTS: To achieve this objective, three extracts were prepared, namely extractable polyphenols (EPs), hydrolyzable non-extractable polyphenols (H-NEPs), and non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs). These extracts were characterized and evaluated for their bioactive properties after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results show that the extraction process affected the occurrence of phenols from coffee peels, especially for caffeic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid. The free and bound polyphenols found in the extracts and digests not only showed antioxidant properties against 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals but were also strongly bioavailable and had good anticoagulant potential. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the potential health benefits of phytochemicals from coffee husks and open new perspectives for the use of such compounds in dietary supplements. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Emotional response to healthier foods: Influence of culture and health consciousness.

Sugar, salt, and fat content in processed products are important concerns for consumers. Hence, alternative "healthy" versions of conventional foods such as chocolate, potato chips, and yogurt are offered. This work aimed to define the emotional response of consumers from different cultural backgrounds (Spain vs. Brazil) evoked by healthier versions of conventional products and the relationship between hedonic responses and health consciousness. A total of 186 Brazilian and 152 Spanish consumers participated in this online cross-cultural study. Participants answered a Health Consciousness Questionnaire and an emotional check-all-that-applies questionnaire using picture stimuli of conventional chocolate, potato chips, and yogurt and their healthier versions with less sugar, salt, and fat content, respectively. The Brazilians' emotional responses were more diverse for all stimuli compared to the Spaniards'. However, participants from both cultures rated an average of "slightly agree" on the health consciousness scale; a higher level of consumption, liking, and willingness to buy; and a higher frequency of positive emotional terms for the stimuli of conventional products compared to their healthier versions. A higher frequency of evocation of "active" is strongly associated with higher levels of health consciousness. Strategic actions by the food industry and government must consider cultural, emotional, and health-conscious factors to encourage the consumption of healthier foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food manufacturers can use the information obtained from this study to create healthier versions of their products that appeal to consumers' emotional responses and health consciousness levels. The findings can assist in designing strategic actions to promote healthier food consumption by emphasizing the benefits of healthier food choices and making them more appealing to consumers. The methodology employed in this study can also be applied to further studies aimed to assess emotional responses to food stimuli across different cultures.

Farming system impacts the bioactive compounds, microbial diversity, aroma and color in edible red mini-roses (Rosa chinensis Jacq.).

Mini-roses (Rosa chinensis Jacq.) is largely used in salty dishes and desserts. This study evaluated instrumental color, sugars, organic acids, phenolics, volatiles, and the indigenous microbiota (fungi and bacteria) in edible mini-roses farmed in discarded fruits biocompost and animal manure systems. A descriptive sensory analysis of flowers was also performed. Mini-roses farmed in biocompost had higher luminosity and intensity of instrumental red color, a higher concentration of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins related to red color, and fructose than mini-roses farmed in animal manure (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mini-roses farmed in biocompost had higher concentrations of various volatiles (p < 0.05), including hexyl acetate and cis-3 -hexenyl butyrate related to the fruity aroma. Bacterial groups related to plant growth-promoting such as Stenotrophomonas and endophilic fungal groups such as Eurotiales sp, Pleosporales sp were found in higher abundance (p < 0.05) in mini-roses farmed in biocompost. Mini-rose farmed in biocompost also received higher score (p < 0.05) for fruity aroma and red color than mini-rose mini-roses farmed in animal manure. Results indicate that farming mini-roses using biocompost from discarded fruits impacts the synthesis of phenolics and volatiles, resulting in a more intense fruity aroma and red color. Findings also suggest that the microbiota of mini-roses farmed in biocompost or animal manure do not represent a major risk for the safety of these products.

Consumption of cashew nut induced anxiolytic-like behavior in dyslipidemic rats consuming a high fat diet.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cashew nut consumption on anxiety-like behavior in dyslipidemic rats. The groups formed were: Control (CONT), Dyslipidemic (DL) and Dyslipidemic cashew nuts (DLCN). Tests to assess anxiety parameters were performed after the treatment period. Brain fatty acid profiles were analyzed. The animals in the DLCN group showed more rearing than DL, without differing from the CONT and less grooming than either the DL and CONT in the Open Field. In the Elevated Plus Maze, DLCN spent more time on the open arms and in the central area compared to the other groups. As for brain fatty acids, there was a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids for the DLCN compared to the other groups. The cashew nut, rich in fatty acids, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, reduced the anxiogenic-like behavior caused by dyslipidemia in rats without altering brain fatty acids.

Oxidative stability of white striping chicken breasts: effect of cold storage and heat treatments.

This study aimed to investigate the level of lipid and protein oxidation in poultry breasts with severe white striping (WS; striation thickness > 1 mm) and nonaffected meats (N; normal breast) during storage under refrigeration (1°C for 14 d) and freezing (-18°C for 90 d). WS presented higher lipid content, although no difference in protein content was detected, compared to normal broiler breast (N). Regarding oxidative damages, a reduction in malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels, alongside the interaction of these compounds with other compounds in raw, roasted, and reheated breasts was observed under refrigerated storage (14 d). Freezing storage promotes an increase in carbonyls proteins, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels at 45 d of storage in poultry meats and subsequent decrease, indicating the evolution of oxidative reactions. Regardless of the type of storage, in general, breasts with WS myopathy have higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation.

Influence of fat reduction and flavor addition on the temporal sensory profile in potato chips using a multiple-intake approach.

BACKGROUND: Reducing the fat content of potato chips can negatively affect the overall perception of taste and texture. However, incorporating flavor can help mitigate negative effects. To measure and understand these changes, a technique describing the consumption experience must be used. The impact of low fat content and the presence of ham flavor in the formulation of potato chips was studied in relation to the dynamics of sensations perceived during consumption and, additionally, related to the hedonic aspects of these products. RESULTS: Three different varieties of commercially available potato chips, classical salted potato chips (PC-C), light (low fat content) potato chips (PC-L), and ham-flavored potato chips (PC-H), were analyzed by multiple-intake temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) sessions, showing the differences among PC-C, PC-L, and PC-H. Moreover, acceptability and purchase intention were also considered. The results showed that the lower fat content in the potato chips had a great impact on temporal dominance of texture attributes, whereas the presence of ham flavor in the formulation greatly modified the temporal dominance of flavor sensations during consumption with no effect on acceptability. CONCLUSION: Multiple intake TDS is a suitable method for revealing how modifications of formulation and composition of potato chips to achieve healthier or different versions affects consumers dynamic sensory perception and how it is related to preferences. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mandacaru fruit pulp (Cereus jamacaru D.C.) as an adjunct and its influence on Beer properties.

Beer is a complex product due to its raw materials (malt, hops, yeast, and water). Beer production can also use other matters as adjuncts. This study investigated the influence of Mandacaru fruit pulp (MFP) as an adjunct on volatile and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties of Beer. Worts were produced using four treatments including a control. Fermentations were conducted for 10 days at 18 °C using yeast Lachancea spp, maturated at 3 °C for 15 days, and bottled at 20 °C for 15 days. All compounds were evaluated by HPLC, and GC-MS. Worts' supplementation influenced the volatile and phenolic profile and increased the antioxidant activity of wort and Beer. Beers A (100 g of MFP/L), B (200 g of MFP/L), and C (300 g of MFP/L) presented higher ethanol and glycerol content. Beer C contained the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Worts' supplemented with MFP increased aroma formation.

Valuation of Goat and Sheep By-Products: Challenges and Opportunities for Their Use.

Goat and sheep meat production is a challenge for the meat industry as well as for environmental management. Yet within cultures, certain by-products, such as liver, the lungs, heart, brain, spleen, blood, tail and ears, are traditionally used in the production of typical dishes for regional or local cuisine. These by-products are a rich source of lipids, proteins, essential amino acids, B-complex vitamins, and minerals. They can be effectively exploited for higher (value-added) applications, including functional foods or feed ingredients, food supplements, enzymes and other chemical products such as hydrolyzed proteins and flavorings. This review article gathers data on: (i) the production of by-products obtained from slaughter and available for processing, and (ii) potential strategies for using and applying these by-products in obtaining new value-added ingredients. Other than proteins, the review discusses other macromolecules and possible uses of these by-products in culinary dishes, as hydrolyzed enzymes, and as food additives. Even though these by-products undoubtedly present themselves as rich in nutrients, there remains an unfortunate lack of documented information on the potential use of these by-products for their bioactive components, peptides that have various biological and technological properties, and the use of hydrolyzed versions of these by-products as precursors for the production of flavorings.

Functional and morphologic dysfunctions in the airways of rats submitted to an experimental model of obesity-exacerbated asthma.

The obesity-exacerbated asthma phenotype is characterized by more severe asthma symptoms and glucocorticoid resistance. The aim of this study was to standardize an obesity-exacerbated asthma model by a high glycemic level index (HGLI) diet and ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenges in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into groups: control (Ctrl), obese (Ob), asthmatic (Asth), obese asthmatic (Ob + Asth) and obese asthmatic treated with dexamethasone (Ob + Asth + Dexa), and in vivo and in vitro functional and morphological parameters were measured. After HGLI consumption, there was an increase in body weight, fasting blood glucose, abdominal circumferences, body mass index and adiposity index. Respiratory function showed a reduction in pulmonary tidal volume and ventilation. In isolated tracheas, carbachol showed an increase in contractile efficacy in the Ob, Ob + Asth and Ob + Asth + Dexa, but mostly on Ob + Asth. Histological analysis of lungs showed peribronchovascular inflammation and smooth muscle hypertrophy and extracellular remodeling on Ob + Asth and Ob + Asth + Dexa. An obesity-exacerbated asthma model was successfully established. Therefore, this model allows further molecular investigations and the search for new therapies for the treatment and relief of symptoms of patients with obesity-induced resistant asthma.

Effect of wooden breast myopathy on texture and acceptability of emulsified chicken patties.

Wooden breast (WB) condition is a chicken myopathy that causes quality losses and has been shown to negatively affect the sensory acceptance by consumers. In this work, we prepared emulsified chicken patties using WB meat and evaluated their texture profile and acceptability. Three formulations were processed: PN (100% normal breast), PW (100% WB meat) and PNW (50%:50% PN:PW). All the analyzed samples were in accordance with Brazilian legislation parameters for microbiological traits. A marked decrease (P < 0.001) of hardness was noted for PW and PNW samples compared with PN. The sensory ratings were not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition of WB meat in the different treatments. In fact, all samples presented a global sensory acceptance above 70%. The use of WB meat in the formulation of chicken patties is a useful practice to minimize the economic losses in the poultry industry, also helping to support decision-making and improve production performance.

Technological properties of protein hydrolysate from the cutting byproduct of serra spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus brasiliensis).

High fish production is essential to meet the demand, but inappropriate destination of large volumes of byproduct cause environmental pollution. The cutting step for frozen eviscerated fish using band saw machines produces a type of "fish powder" byproduct with high protein content. The objective of this study was to optimize the process of obtaining protein hydrolysates from the cutting byproducts of Serra Spanish Mackerel (SSM) and to evaluate the final product regarding its technological properties. The optimal conditions for obtaining the protein hydrolysate from the cutting byproducts of SSM using a band saw machine were an enzyme:substrate ratio (w/w) of 5.0% and 240 min of enzymatic hydrolysis. Both treatments (+ DH and - DH) yielded volatile compounds with a characteristic fish aroma, and both can be used for flavoring. The - DH hydrolysate showed better technological performance by stabilizing emulsions and retaining oil, and they could be added to emulsified products, improving their technological and sensory aspects. For the antioxidant capacity, the + DH hydrolysate showed higher efficiency, and it was indicated for use in food products, with the aim of extending the shelf life by stabilizing food lipids and proteins, ensuring the quality of the product during storage.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture.

In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

Spreadable goat Ricotta cheese added with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05: Can microencapsulation improve the probiotic survival and the quality parameters?

The impact of the addition of L. acidophilus La-05 (free cells, microencapsulated with alginate [30 g/L] or microencapsulated with alginate coated with chitosan [5 g/L]) on the quality parameters of spreadable goat Ricotta cheese during storage (7 °C/7 days) was evaluated. The addition of probiotic culture resulted in products with lower hardness, gumminess, and springiness, as well as higher cohesiveness and adhesiveness. Furthermore, it increased the yield, and altered the color (higher L*, a* and b* values). The microencapsulation of the probiotic cultures resulted in higher probiotic survival (>6 log CFU/mL in product and simulated gastrointestinal conditions), and improved technological (no moisture loss, lower proteolysis and organic acid content), texture (lower gumminess and adhesiveness), and volatile (compounds with floral and fruity notes and lower "goat" aroma) properties. Chitosan coating did not improve the effects. In conclusion, microencapsulation improved the probiotic survival and the quality parameters of spreadable goat Ricotta cheese.

Obtaining Bioactive Compounds from the Coffee Husk (Coffea arabica L.) Using Different Extraction Methods.

Coffee husks (Coffea arabica L.) are characterized by exhibiting secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, which can be used as raw material for obtaining bioactive compounds of interest in food. The objective of this study is to evaluate different methods for obtaining the raw material and extracting solutions of bioactive compounds from coffee husks. Water bath and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were used, using water (100%) or ethanol (100%) or a mixture of both (1:1) as extracting solutions and the form of the raw material was in natura and dehydrated. The extracts were evaluated by their antioxidant potential using DPPH radicals, ABTS, and iron reduction (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), and later total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified the phenolic majority compounds were identified. It was verified that the mixture of water and ethanol (1:1) showed better extraction capacity of the compounds with antioxidant activity and that both conventional (water bath) or unconventional (ultrasound) methods showed satisfactory results. Finally, a satisfactory amount of bioactive compounds was observed in evaluating the chemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, as well as the analysis of the phenolic profile) of these extracts. Corroborating with the results of the antioxidant activities, the best extracting solution was generally the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) using a dehydrated husk and water bath as the best method, presenting higher levels of the bioactive compounds in question, with an emphasis on chlorogenic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of coffee husk as raw material to obtain extracts of bioactive compounds is promising. Last, the conventional method (water bath) and the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) stood out among the methods and extracting solutions used for the dehydrated coffee husk.

Effects of thermal processing on the flavor molecules of goat by-product hydrolysates.

The aim of this study was to obtain flavor molecules from goat by-product hydrolysates, emphasizing the thermal action during processing. A mixture of by-products submitted or not to the inactivation of endogenous enzymes was used, followed by hydrolysis with the proteolytic enzyme Alcalase® (Bacillus licheniformis), and autoclaving after hydrolysis. The production of hydrolysates provided both quantitative and qualitative data on the precursors involved in the aromatic formation of protein hydrolysates. The inactivation process of endogenous enzymes resulted in hydrolysates with a higher degree of hydrolysis and greater protein content. The autoclaving process produced a significant increase in the concentration of free amino acids and maltose and a reduction in the glucose content. Application of the two heat treatments resulted in the production of goat by-product protein hydrolysates with different volatile profiles. The goat by-product protein hydrolysate without heat treatment but with autoclaving (HCA), showing a higher concentration of flavor precursors and the formation of heterocyclic volatiles, is expected to impact the aroma quality of goat hydrolysates.

Impact of 'free-from' and 'healthy choice' labeled versions of chocolate and coffee on temporal profile (multiple-intake TDS) and liking.

Product reformulation for obtaining "free-from" or "healthy choice" versions may confer significant changes in sensory characteristics which could not meet consumer expectations in terms of sensory perception. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the influence of formulations of different product categories on their dynamic sensory profile and consumer acceptability. A sensory panel of 23 semi-trained assessors evaluated two product categories, chocolate and milk coffee, using Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) over three consecutive intakes/sips (multiple-intake TDS) on two replications. TDS allowed us to describe the dynamic profile of classic products over the three intakes and to identify differences in the sensory temporal profile compared to their 'healthier choice' reformulated versions. For the chocolate category, increasing the cocoa and the reduction of lactose content mainly influenced the dominance of sweetness, dairy, cocoa, crunchy and bitterness attributes. No sugar addition and absence of caffeine (decaffeinated version) in ready to drink milk coffee beverage modified temporal perception of sweetness, bitterness, coffee flavor and smoothness texture. Higher overall liking averages were associated with the dominant attributes of chocolate with a higher level of cacao and milk coffee decaffeinated. The obtained results of the present work suggest that the multiple-intake TDS technique can be applied for the evaluation of different food categories, helping to develop healthier products and predicting the liking.

Occurrence of wooden breast and white striping in Brazilian slaughtering plants and use of near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis to identify affected chicken breasts.

White Striping (WS) and Wooden Breast (WB) are emerging poultry myopathies that occur worldwide, affecting the quality of meat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of N, WS, WB, and WS/WB (myopathies combined) in chicken breast from Brazilian commercial plant, comparing (1) inspection based on visual aspect and palpation of Pectoralis major muscle, and (2) identification of these myopathies by near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Chickens slaughtered at Brazilian commercial plant at four age ranges (4 to 5, 6 to 7, 8 to 9, and 65 weeks) were inspected. Spectral information was acquired using a portable NIR spectrometer, and classification models were performed using and Successive Projection Algorithm-Linear Discriminant Analysis (SPA-LDA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) to distinguish normal and affected muscles. Results showed that occurrence of myopathies was aggravated by age of slaughter, as chicken slaughtered at 4 to 5 and 65 weeks exhibited 13.6 and 95% of myopathies, respectively. Birds slaughtered at 65 weeks showed no occurrence of WB, isolated or combined with WS. It was not possible to differentiate the WB and WS/WB classes; therefore, those samples were grouped (WB+WS/WB). SPA-LDA model showed greater accuracy (92 to 93%) in identifying Normal (N), WS, and WB+WS/WB groups, compared to SIMCA (89 to 91%). It can be concluded that the level of occurrence of myopathies in meat is directly related to the age of slaughter. This study demonstrated that NIRS combined with SPA-LDA model could be used as a tool to detect myopathies in chicken breast. This technique has potential for application in industrial processing lines as an alternative to the traditional methods of identification. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study shows that NIRS combined with chemometric techniques can be used to identify chicken breast myopathies in a wide range of ages at slaughter. In addition to being able to discriminate chicken muscles into subclasses, namely, Normal, WS, and WB/WB+WS, this technique has potential for application in industrial processing lines as it is a portable and nondestructive method. This procedure is emphasized as an alternative to the conventional method of identification based on palpation and visual assessment of muscle.

Impact of chicken wooden breast on quality and oxidative stability of raw and cooked sausages subjected to frozen storage.

BACKGROUND: Considering (i) the increased incidence of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in broilers, (ii) the poor meat quality in such breasts and (iii) the lack of studies on the industrial use of WBs; the objective of this study was to investigate the quality of chicken sausages made with WB under frozen conditions. Three formulations of chicken sausage [100% normal (N) breast, 100% WB, and 50% N breast + 50% WB] were considered and raw and cooked (70 °C/10 min) sausages were frozen for 180 days and evaluated for their quality and oxidative stability. RESULTS: WB formulations exhibited higher pH, moisture (%), and shear force (SF), associated with lower water holding capacity (WHC) and fat (%). During the freezing period, there was a decrease in WHC and redness (a*) and an increase in cooking loss (CL) and SF for all formulations. Additionally, during freezing, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values were higher in raw sausages made with N breast than in sausage made with WB probably due to the higher fat content in the former. Results showed that the products did not reach noticeable rancid levels (<2 mg malondialdehyde/kg) and that WB sausage presented great resistance to oxidation, which suggests that WB sausage can be kept frozen at -20 °C for up to 198 days. CONCLUSION: Using WBs for the manufacture of chicken sausages subjected to freezing is a viable option given their overall quality and resistance to oxidation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Fatty acid, chemical, and tissue composition of meat comparing Santa Inês breed sheep and Boer crossbreed goats submitted to different supplementation strategies.

To compare the fatty acid (FA) composition, and chemical and tissue composition of meat, 24 uncastrated males, 12 sheep of the Santa Inês breed, and 12 crossbred goats (F1 Boer × undefined breed) with the weight of 24.3 ± 2.38 kg. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design and treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, two small ruminant species/breed (Boer crossbreed goat × Santa Inês breed sheep), and two supplementation strategies (energy × protein energy). There was not an interaction between the small ruminant species and the supplementation on average daily gain, tissue composition, chemical composition, or FA profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle. Sheep presented greater weight and yield of fat in the subcutaneous, intermuscular, and total depots than goats, which results in better finishing of the sheep for slaughter. Goat meat presented a lower lipid concentration than sheep meat. The protein-energy supplementation increased oleic acid, ΣUFA, ΣMUFA, hypocholesterolemic/ Hypercholesterolemic index, and enzymatic activity Δ9-desaturase C18 and decreased SFA capric acid in the muscle when compared with energetic supplementation. In Caatinga biome conditions, Boer crossbreed goats meat has a lower concentration of lipids and a healthier FA composition compared with Santa Inês breed sheep because it has a lower SFA and greater PUFA content, which are sources of n-3 and n-6, which may contribute to the reduction of blood cholesterol (LDL). In addition, protein-energy supplementation also improved the quality of animal fat compared with supplementation only with the energetic concentrate, regardless of species.